10. Codes of Conduct

Defining standards of professional conduct has been a matter of intense interest for many of those in chemistry. Chemistry organizations have followed the practice of those working in medicine, accounting, and other engineering professions by using so-called ‘codes of conduct’ as a mechanism for setting standards and encouraging reflection. The general terms ‘codes of conduct’ and ‘codes of ethics’ cover a wide variety of options.  One way of distinguishing between codes is by their function: whether their aim is to declare aspirational values, propose educational/advisory guidelines, or stipulate enforceable requirements such as in the workplace.

Types of Codes:
 
Aspirational codes set out ideals that practitioners are expected to uphold, such as standards of research integrity or honesty.  These may be realistic or idealistic.  For instance, in 1965 the American Chemical Society approved the Chemist Creed, which called for each chemist ‘to be a faithful and incorruptible agent, respecting confidence, advising honestly, and charging fairly’. 
 
Educational/advisory codes go further than merely setting aspirations by providing more detailed guidelines for appropriate action.  Enforceable codes go further still by embedding standards within wider systems of regulation where they can be made obligatory.  The 1963 Code of Ethics of the American Institute of Chemical Engineers provided a variety of rules for its members, such as: ‘He will not disclose information concerning the business affairs or technical processes of any present or former employer or client without his consent.’ Failure to comply with this Code could have lead to professional or, in some cases, legal sanction.  
Codes of Conduct, page 1 of 4